How Fermented Foods Feed a Healthy Gut Microbiota by M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril & Roland R. Arnold & José M. Bruno-Bárcena

Author:M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril & Roland R. Arnold & José M. Bruno-Bárcena
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030287375
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Periodontal Diseases: Gingivitis and Periodontitis

As discussed previously, the biofilm that accumulates on the tooth surface exposed to the oral cavity (supragingival plaque) is saliva-bathed, composed mainly of saccharolytic, acidogenic and aciduric populations of bacteria selected by dietary sugar on nutrient poor enamel surfaces of the teeth. In contrast, there are unique ecological niches created by the architecture and dynamics of the supporting structures of the teeth that select for asaccharolytic, nutritionally fastidious, acid-intolerant, proteolytic anaerobes.

The attachment of epithelium to teeth in a healthy dentition occurs at the transition from the enamel surfaces of the crown of the tooth to the cementum of the root (cemento-enamel junction ) forming a thin barrier (junctional epithelium) that protects the underlying supporting structures. The teeth are suspended in sockets in the alveolar bone of the jaws by periodontal ligament. The gingiva (gums) create a sulcus (gingival crevice) surrounding teeth that is composed of unique specialized gingival epithelial cells and keratinocytes. This arrangement creates a close association between the non-sloughing hard surfaces of the teeth and the renewable soft tissue of the gingiva that limits accessibility of saliva and provides microbial attachment sites on both mineral and cell surfaces bathed in a protein rich, tissue-derived gingival crevicular fluid (GCF ) of this subgingival space. This relatively sequestered site if undisturbed permits a hierarchical development of complex biofilm communities driven by environmental alterations in nutrient availability, oxygen limitations, specific interspecies co-aggregations, synergisms and antagonisms.

As with the supragingival plaque, the early subgingival colonizers are predominated by facultative anaerobes including the saccharolytic streptococci and actinomycetes. If the biofilm is permitted to develop without mechanical disruption (oral hygiene), robust bacterial species such as Fusobacteria and Prevotella (Ramberg et al. 2003) neutralize the pH of this subgingival environment by nitrogenous metabolism and stimulate increased efflux of GCF further promoting proteolytic activity allowing a shift in the microbial communities toward the establishment of more acid-intolerant, oxygen-sensitive, more diverse, inflammation-promoting and potentially periodontopathic species.

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